Pressure mounts on the world's biggest carbon emitters.

The latest report released by the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) found that the world is likely to surpass its most ambitious climate target-limiting warming to 1.5C (2.7F) above preindustrial temperatures-by the early 2030s.

Last year was the fifth warmest on record, according to the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and Nasa, concurring with Copernicus. The World Meteorological Organisation estimates that the average global temperature in 2022 was about 1.2C above pre-industrial levels.

In 2015, when the Paris accord was signed, emissions from human activities were nearly 47Bt of greenhouse gases, expressed as carbon dioxide equivalents. By 2022, this level was an estimated 58Bt.

To keep global warming to no more than 1.5C, emissions need to be reduced by 45% by 2030 and reach net zero by 2050.

Unless nations adopt new environmental policies - and follow through on the ones already in place - global average temperatures could warm by 3.2C (5.8F) by the end of the century, the report says.

Beyond 1.5C of warming, the IPCC says, humanity will run up against "hard limits" to adaptation. Temperatures will get too high to grow many staple crops. Heat waves, famines, floods, and infectious diseases could claim millions of additional lives by century's end.

The IPCC has also called for the world to phase out coal, oil and gas, which are responsible for more than 75% of global greenhouse gas emissions.

More than 40% of cumulative carbon emissions have occurred since 1990, underscoring the price of inaction. The consumption habits of the wealthiest 10% of people generate three times as much pollution as those of the poorest 50%, the report said.

Emerging economies including China and India-which plan to reach net zero in 2060 and 2070, respectively-must accelerate their emissions-cutting efforts alongside developed nations.

Despite its dire warnings, the IPCC report sends a message of possibility. In many regions, electricity from renewable energy is now cheaper than power from fossil fuels. Several countries have significantly reduced their emissions in the past decade, even as their economies grew. New analyses show how efforts to fight climate change can benefit society in countless other ways, from improving public health to enhancing ecosystems.

Around 10,500 global cities have adopted targets to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions and 800 have committed to net-zero emissions to tackle air pollution in densely populated urban areas and meet net-zero commitments.

As the global economy transitions to a lower carbon future, policies are expected to be strengthened to speed up the deployment of clean and efficient energy technologies. Mandates and standards are needed to drive consumer spending and industry investment into the most efficient technologies. Targets and competitive auctions can enable wind and solar to accelerate the electricity sector transition.

Fossil fuel subsidy phase-outs, carbon pricing and other market reforms can help achieve appropriate price signals. If net-zero targets are to be met, governments must lead the way in planning and incentivising the massive infrastructure investment needed, including smart transmission and distribution grids.

Currently, 73 separate carbon pricing initiatives cover about 23% of global greenhouse gas emissions, according to figures from the World Bank.

Key Climate Pledges

China

China aims to peak CO2 emissions before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060. The country is also aiming to (by 2030):

• Lower CO2 emissions per unit of GDP by over 65% from the 2005 level.
• Increase the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to around 25%.
• Increase the forest stock volume by 6Bcm from the 2005 level.
• Bring installed capacity of wind and solar power to over 1,200GW.

United States

The US has committed to reduce net GHG emissions by 50-52% by 2030 compared to 2005. The US has pledged to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050.

European Union

The EU and its Member States, acting jointly, commit to reduce emissions by at least 55% by 2030 compared to 1990, to achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2050.

India

India aims to reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 33-35% by 2030, from the level in 2005, and achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2070.

The country is also aiming to (by 2030):

• Increase the share of cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel-based energy to 50%.
• Create a carbon sink of 2.5-3Bt of CO2e through additional forest and tree cover.

Indonesia

Indonesia has a target to reduce GHG emissions by 26% (unconditional) and 41% (conditional) by 2030 compared to its "business as usual" scenario.

Russia

The Russian Federation has committed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 70% relative to the 1990 level by 2030. It is aiming to achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2060.

Brazil

Brazil commits to reduce emissions from 2005 levels by 37% in 2025, and by 50% in 2030. The country also aims to end illegal deforestation by 2028 and achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2050.

Japan

Japan has committed to reduce GHG emissions by 46% by 2030 compared to 2013 levels and achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2050.

Iran

No pledge submitted.

Canada

Canada has committed to a 2030 target of 40-45% below 2005 levels and achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2050.

Mexico

Mexico has a target to reduce 22% of GHG and 51% of black carbon emissions (unconditional) and up to 36% of GHG and 70% of black carbon emissions (conditional) by 2030 compared to its "business as usual" scenario.

South Korea

Republic of Korea has committed to reduce GHG emissions by 40% by 2030 compared to 2018 levels (727.6MtCO2e) and achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2050.

Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia is implementing measures which aim to reduce its emissions by 278MtCO2e annually from 2020 to 2030. Saudi Arabia has pledged to reach net zero carbon emissions by 2060.

Australia

Australia commits to reducing its greenhouse gas emissions 43% below 2005 levels by 2030 and to reach net zero carbon emissions by 2050.

South Africa

South Africa commits to reducing its GHG emissions to 398-510 MtCO2e by 2025, and to 350-420 MtCO2e by 2030. Saudi Africa has pledged to reach net zero carbon emissions by 2060.

Turkey

Turkey has a target to reduce up to 21% of GHG emissions from the "business as usual" level by 2030. Turkey has pledged to achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2053.

UK

The UK has pledged to reduce economy-wide greenhouse gas emissions by at least 68% by 2030, compared to 1990 levels. The UK has pledged to achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2050.

Pakistan

Pakistan has committed to reducing its emissions by 50% by 2030 compared to "business as usual" (15% unconditional, 35% conditional).

Thailand

Thailand has committed to reduce emissions by 23% (unconditional) and by 40% (conditional) compared to "business as usual" by 2030. Thailand has vowed to reach net zero carbon emissions by 2065.

Argentina

Argentina has committed to an economy wide unconditional cap net emissions of 349MtCO2e in 2030. Argentina has pledged to achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2050.

Malaysia

Malaysia aims to reduce emissions intensity (per GDP) by 45% by 2030 compared to 2005 levels and achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2050.

Nigeria

Nigeria has a target to reduce GHG emissions by 20% (unconditional) and 47% (conditional) by 2030 compared to "business as usual". Nigeria has pledged to achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2060.

Egypt

Egypt has pledged to reduce electricity emissions by 33%, its oil and gas emissions by 65%, and its transport emissions by 7% by 2030 relative to "business as usual".

Venezuela

Venezuela has committed to reducing its emissions by 20% by 2030 compared to "business as usual".

Kazakhstan

The Republic of Kazakhstan intends to achieve an economy-wide target of 15% (unconditional) - 25% (conditional target) reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 compared to 1990. It has pledged to achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2060.

Colombia

Colombia has committed to a maximum 169.44MtCO2e in 2030 (equivalent to 51% reduction compared to "business as usual") and to reduce black carbon emissions by 40% compared to 2014 in 2030.

United Arab Emirates

The UAE commits to reduce GHG emissions by 31% for 2030 compared to "business as usual" and to achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2050.

Ukraine

Ukraine commits to reduce net GHG emissions by 65% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels. Ukraine has pledged to achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2060.

Philippines

Philippines has committed to reduce cumulative GHG emissions by 2.71% (unconditional) and 75% (conditional) comparing to "business as usual" for the period 2020 to 2030 (3,340.3 MtCO2e).

Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan has pledged to reduce specific emissions per unit of GDP by 35% by 2030 compared to 2010 levels. The country aims to achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2050.

Myanmar

Myanmar has committed to reduce cumulative GHG emissions over 2021-2030 by 244.52 MtCO2e (unconditional) and 414.75 MtCO2e (conditional) compared to "business as usual".

Bangladesh

Bangladesh has committed to reduce GHG emissions by 6.73% (27.56 MtCO2e, unconditional) and additional 15.12% (61.9 MtCO2e, conditional) by 2030 compared to "business as usual".

Algeria

Algeria has committed to GHG emission reduction of 7% to 22% by 2030 compared to "business as usual" levels, conditional on external assistance.

Iraq

Iraq commits to sectoral measures in energy, industry, agriculture, water and housing sectors.

Ethiopia

Ethiopia commits to reduce GHG emissions by 14% (unconditional) and 68.8% (conditional) by 2030 compared to "business as usual".

Peru

Peru commits to limit its GHG emissions to a maximum level of 208.8 MtCO2e (unconditional) and 179.0 MtCO2e (conditional) in 2030. Peru aims to reach net zero carbon emissions by 2050.